Mandeali

Mandeali
maṇḍiyālī
𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯, मण्डियाली
Mandeali written in Mandi-Suket Takri Script
Native to	India
Region	Himachal Pradesh
Ethnicity	Mandyali People
Native speakers	623,000 (2011 Census)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northern Western Pahari Mandeali
Writing system	Devanagari Mandiali Takri
Language codes
ISO 639-3	mjl – Mandeali
Glottolog	mand1409  Mandeali

Mandeali (Takri: 𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh by the people of the Mandi Valley and particularly in the major city of Mandi. Other spellings for the name are Mandiyali and Mandiali. UNESCO reports it is one of the highly endangered languages of India. Speakers of the dialect have decreased by 21% from 1961 to 2001.

The language is distantly related to Kullvi. The Chambealic varieties are often considered separate languages, but at least some are 90–95% intelligible with Mandeali proper. Its sub-dialect are different than mandeali

Dialects

A light-hearted interview about Mandeali

Preliminary survey suggests speakers have functional intelligibility of Kangri. People in southeast Mandi district may have more difficulty understanding Kangri. Standard Mandeali is spoken throughout the broad valley running north and south from Jogindernagar to Sundarnagar. Mandeali Pahari is spoken north around Barot, east of Uhl River. Intelligible with difficulty to standard Mandeali. May be intermediate variety between Mandeali and Kullui. The dialect is very close to the Kullvi spoken in neighbouring lug valley region of Kullu district and are culturally, linguistically closer to Kullu. Southeast district contains transition to Mahasui. The dialect spoken is also sometimes referred as Suketi or dialect of Outer Seraj Area as dialect is an intermediate variety of Kullvi and Upper Mahasuvi of neighbouring Shimla and Kullu district. In the west, Sarkaghat is also a bit different from standard Mandeali, perhaps forming a transition towards Hamirpur and Bilaspur areas. Lexical similarity: 89% with Palampuri dialect of Kangri, 83% with Chambeali.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive / Affricate	voiceless	p	t		ʈ	tʃ	k
	aspriated	pʰ	tʰ		ʈʰ	tʃʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d		ɖ	dʒ	ɡ
	breathy	bʱ	dʱ		ɖʱ	dʒʱ	gʱ
Fricative	voiceless			s		ʃ		ɦ
	voiced
Nasal		m		n	ɳ		(ŋ)
Lateral				l	ɭ
Trill/Tap				r	ɽ ɽʱ
Approximant						j	w

• [ŋ] is heard when a nasal occurs before velar stops.
• [f] can be heard as an allophone of pʰ.
• Aspirated versions of m, n,ɳ, l,ɭ, r, w can be considered as separate phonemes.

Vowels

The vowels of Mandeali language are shown below.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Mid	(e) eː	ə əː	(o) oː
Open-mid			ɔː
Open		aː

Grammar

Pronouns

The Pronouns of Mandeali for different person and number are -

1st Person Singular : हाऊँ /ɦaːũ/

1st Person Plural : आस्से /asːe/

2nd Person Singular : तू /tu/

2nd Person Plural : तुस्से /t̪usːe/

3rd Person Proximate Singular  : ए, ये /eː, jeː/

3rd Person Proximate Plural : यों /jõː/

3rd Person Distal Singular : से /seː/

3rd Person Distal Plural : स्यों /sjõː/

Noun Cases

• Mandeali - Hindi - English - Case
• घर /gʱəːr/ (noun)

1. घर - घर - home - Nominative

2. घरो/ घरा जो - घर को - to home - Accusative

3. घरे - घर ने - Ergative

‌4. घरा के/ घरा कन्ने/ घरा साउगी - घर के साथ - with house - Comitative

5. घरा ले/ घरा ला - घर से - through home - Instrumental

6. घरा कट्ठे - घर के लिए - for home - Dative

7. घरा ले/ घरा ला - घर से - from home - Ablative

8. घरा रा/रे/री - घर का/की/के - of home - Genetive

• Locatives

9. घरा/ घरा मंझ - घर में - Innesive

10. घरा गास, परयाल्हे, पर - घर पर - Addesive

• Others

11. घरा (sing)/ घरो (plural)- ओ घर - Vocative

12. घरा साँहीं - घर जैसा - Similative

13. घरा तिक्कर/ तिक - घर तक - Terminative

Numerals

Numeral	Mandeali
1	एक्क ekk
2	दुई duī
3	त्राए trāē
4	चार chār
5	पांज pānj
6	छेह chheh
7	सात्त sātt
8	आठ āṭh
9	नौ nau
10	दस das
11	ग्यारा gyārā
12	बारा bārā
13	तेहरा tehrā
14	चउदा chaudā
15	पंद्रा pandrā
16	सोळा soḷā
17	सतारा satārā
18	ठारा ṭhārā
19	उन्नी unni
20	बीह bīh

Script

The native script of the language is a variety of Takri called Mandeali Takri.

Specimen in Mandeali language

Vocabulary

Names of months

Traditionally, the month formats is based on Hindu calendar.

List of Months in Mandeali

मंडयाली	Transliteration	English
चइतर	chaitar	March–April
बसाख	basākh	April–May
जेठ	jeṭh	May–June
हाह्ड़	hāhṛ	June–July
साओण	sāoṇ	July–August
भाद्रो	bhādro	August–September
सौज	sauj	September–October
कातक	kātak	October–November
मंगसर	mangsar	November–December
पौस	paus	December–January
माघ	māgh	January–February
फागण	phāgaṇ	February–March

Names of days

Days are generally indic.

List of days in Mandeali

मंडयाली	Transliteration	English
त्वार	Twār	Sunday
सोमबार	Sombār	Monday
मंगळबार	Mangaḷbār	Tuesday
बुद्धबार	Buddhbār	Wednesday
बीरबार	Bīrbār	Thursday
सुक्करबार	Sukkarbār	Friday
सनिचर	Sanichar	Saturday

•Twār is a loan word from Urdu (Itwār)

Status

The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali, just like many other neighbouring languages. The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Mandeali children are not learning Mandeali as their mother tongue anymore.

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha. There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it. Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and being close to other Pahari languages such as Kahluri and Kangri.